Pediatric Asthma

Pediatric asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, airway edema, and mucus hypersecretion. Unlike bronchiolitis (viral, under 2 years), asthma involves a hypersensitivity response triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air, infections, or irritants — and it recurs. Assessment focuses on three things: respiratory effort (accessory muscle use, retractions, nasal flaring), air movement (wheezing on auscultation), and oxygenation (SpO2, color). A silent chest in a previously wheezing child signals severe obstruction — air isn't moving enough to produce a wheeze. Classification drives treatment: intermittent asthma uses short-acting beta-2 agonists (albuterol) as rescue only. Persistent asthma requires daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the cornerstone controller. During acute exacerbations, albuterol is given via nebulizer or MDI with spacer every 20 minutes for up to three doses in the first hour, with systemic corticosteroids (oral prednisolone or IV methylprednisolone) added for moderate-severe episodes. Ipratropium bromide may be added to albuterol in moderate-to-severe exacerbations. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring helps older children track control: green zone is 80–100% personal best, yellow 50–80%, red below 50%. Spacers are mandatory with MDIs in children — coordination is unreliable without them. Teach families to give the controller medication even when the child feels well.