IV Infiltration & Extravasation

Hanging a hypertonic IV pulls fluid out of cells and into the bloodstream — powerful for cerebral edema, but one wrong move risks fatal volume overload or vein destruction.

Hypertonic solutions have an osmolality greater than 375 mOsm/L, exceeding serum osmolality (~275–295 mOsm/L). Common examples: 3% NaCl (513 mOsm/L), 5% NaCl (856 mOsm/L), D10W (505 mOsm/L), D5NS (560 mOsm/L), and D5LR (525 mOsm/L). The mechanism is osmotic pull — water shifts from the intracellular and interstitial spaces into the vascular compartment, expanding intravascular volume and shrinking cells. This makes them first-line for symptomatic hyponatremia and cerebral edema, where the goal is pulling water out of swollen brain cells. Because they draw fluid into the vasculature rapidly, they carry serious risk: fluid volume overload, pulmonary edema, and cellular crenation (shrinkage). 3% NaCl must be administered via an infusion pump, typically through a central line, at a rate prescribed precisely by the provider — often no faster than 100 mL/hr. Sodium correction must not exceed 8–12 mEq/L in 24 hours to prevent osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis). Monitor serum sodium levels every 2–4 hours during infusion. Assess lung sounds, I&O, daily weights, and neurological status frequently.

Key Distinctions

Don't confuse hypertonic with isotonic solutions like 0.9% NaCl — both contain sodium, but only hypertonic pulls water out of cells. Students mix up D5W: it's isotonic in the bag but becomes hypotonic once dextrose metabolizes, so it is NOT hypertonic in effect. Remember that hypertonic solutions are contraindicated in dehydrated or hypernatremic clients — the opposite of when you'd use them.

Clinical Pearl

Think of hypertonic as a 'vascular magnet' — it pulls water INTO the vessels and OUT of cells. Cells shrink, vessels swell. If the patient's sodium is already high, that magnet becomes dangerous.