Herpes, HPV & Viral STIs

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes, though HSV-1 increasingly causes genital infections via oral-genital contact. Presentation: painful grouped vesicles on an erythematous base that rupture into shallow ulcers, often with prodromal tingling or burning. Primary outbreak is most severe (systemic symptoms, bilateral lesions); recurrences are milder and shorter. There is no cure. Antiviral suppression with acyclovir or valacyclovir reduces outbreak frequency, severity, and transmission risk. Viral shedding occurs even without visible lesions — transmission can happen at any time. In pregnancy, active genital lesions at the time of delivery are an indication for cesarean section to prevent neonatal herpes, which carries high morbidity and mortality. Human papillomavirus (HPV) includes over 200 types. High-risk strains 16 and 18 cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers plus anal, oropharyngeal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers. Low-risk strains 6 and 11 cause approximately 90% of genital warts (condylomata acuminata). Gardasil 9 vaccine covers 9 HPV types and is recommended routinely at age 11–12, with catch-up vaccination through age 26. Shared clinical decision-making for ages 27–45. Cervical cancer screening: Pap smear starting at age 21 regardless of sexual activity or HPV vaccination status. Ages 21–29: Pap every 3 years. Ages 30–65: Pap plus HPV co-testing every 5 years or Pap alone every 3 years. Discontinue at 65 with adequate prior screening. Nursing: educate that HPV vaccine prevents cancer (not just warts), condoms reduce but do not eliminate transmission of both HSV and HPV (skin-to-skin contact beyond condom coverage), and that viral STIs are manageable but not curable.